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Skills A graphic design project may involve the creative presentation of existing text , ornament, and images. The "process school" is concerned with communication; it highlights the channels and media through which messages are transmitted and by which senders and receivers encode and decode these messages. The semiotic school treats a message as a construction of signs which through interaction with receivers, produces meaning; communication as an agent. [ citation needed ] Typography Main article: Typography Typography includes type design, modifying type glyphs and arranging type. Type glyphs (characters) are created and modified using illustration techniques. Type arrangement is the selection of typefaces, point size, tracking (the space between all characters used), kerning (the space between two specific characters) and leading (line spacing). Typography is performed by typesetters, compositors, typographers, graphic artists, art director...

Applications Colour Graphic design can have many applications, from road signs to technical schematics and reference manuals . It is often used in branding products and elements of company identity such as logos, colors, packaging and text. From scientific journals to news reporting, the presentation of opinion and facts is often improved with graphics and thoughtful compositions of visual information – known as information design . With the advent of the web, information designers with experience in interactive tools are increasingly used to illustrate the background to news stories. Information design can include data visualization , which involves using programs to interpret and form data into a visually compelling presentation, and can be tied in with information graphics .  -- You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups "2top-manitotasy-3" group. To unsubscribe from this group and stop receiving emails from it, ...

In 1917, Frederick H. Meyer , director and instructor at the California School of Arts and Crafts , taught a class entitled "Graphic Design and Lettering". [25] Raffe's Graphic Design , published in 1927, was the first book to use "Graphic Design" in its title. [26] The signage in the London Underground is a classic design example [27] of the modern era. Although he lacked artistic training, Frank Pick led the Underground Group design and publicity movement. The first Underground station signs were introduced in 1908 with a design of a solid red disk with a blue bar in the center and the name of the station. The station name was in white sans-serif letters. It was in 1916 when Pick used the expertise of Edward Johnston to design a new typeface for the Underground. Johnston redesigned the Underground sign and logo to include his typeface on the blue bar in the center of a red circle. [28] In the 1920s, Soviet constructivism applied ...

History Main article: History of graphic design In both its lengthy history and in the relatively recent explosion of visual communication in the 20th and 21st centuries, the distinction between advertising, art, graphic design and fine art has disappeared. They share many elements, theories, principles, practices, languages and sometimes the same benefactor or client. In advertising, the ultimate objective is the sale of goods and services. In graphic design, "the essence is to give order to information, form to ideas, expression, and feeling to artifacts that document the human experience." [17] The advent of printing Main article: History of printing In China, during the Tang Dynasty (618–907) wood blocks were cut to print on textiles and later to reproduce Buddhist texts. A Buddhist scripture printed in 868 is the earliest known printed book. Beginning in the 11th century in China, longer scrolls and books were produced using movable typ...

William Addison Dwiggins is often credited with first using the term "graphic design" in a 1922 article, [14] although it appears in a 4 July 1908 issue (volume 9, number 27) of Organized Labor , a publication of the Labor Unions of San Francisco, in an article about technical education for printers: [15] An Enterprising Trades Union … The admittedly high standard of intelligence which prevails among printers is an assurance that with the elemental principles of design at their finger ends many of them will grow in knowledge and develop into specialists in graphic design and decorating. … A decade later, the 1917–1918 course catalog of the California School of Arts & Crafts advertised a course titled Graphic Design and Lettering, which replaced one called Advanced Design and Lettering. Both classes were taught by Frederick Meyer . [16] History Main article: History of graphic design In both its lengthy history and in the relatively recent e...

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Due to its interdisciplinary nature, graphic design can be performed in different areas of application: branding, technical and artistic drawing, signage, photography, image and video editing, 3D modeling, animation, programming, among other fields. [1] Graphic design is a profession , [2] academic discipline [3] [4] [5] and applied art whose activity consists in projecting visual communications intended to transmit specific messages to social groups, with specific objectives. [6] Graphic design is an interdisciplinary branch of design [1] and of the fine arts . Its practice involves creativity , innovation and lateral thinking using manual or digital tools, where it is usual to use text and graphics to communicate visually. The role of the graphic designer in the communication process is that of encoder or interpreter of the message. They work on the interpretation, ordering, and...

affecting the accuracy of drawings. Drawing process in the Academic Study of a Male Torso by Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres (1801, National Museum, Warsaw ) Motor control Motor control is an important physical component in the 'Production Phase' of the drawing process. [35] It has been suggested that motor control plays a role in drawing ability, though its effects are not significant. [34] Perception It has been suggested that an individual's ability to perceive an object they are drawing is the most important stage in the drawing process. [34] This suggestion is supported by the discovery of a robust relationship between perception and drawing ability. [36] This evidence acted as the basis of Betty Edwards ' how-to-draw book, Drawing on the Right Side of the Brain . [37] Edwards aimed to teach her readers how to draw, based on the development of the reader's perceptual abilities. Furthermore, the influential artist and art critic John Ru...

When drawing an object or figure, the skilled artist pays attention to both the area within the silhouette and what lies outside. The exterior is termed the negative space , and can be as important in the representation as the figure. Objects placed in the background of the figure should appear properly placed wherever they can be viewed. A study is a draft drawing that is made in preparation for a planned final image. Studies can be used to determine the appearances of specific parts of the completed image, or for experimenting with the best approach for accomplishing the end goal. However a well-crafted study can be a piece of art in its own right, and many hours of careful work can go into completing a study. Individuals display differences in their ability to produce visually accurate drawings. [33] A visually accurate drawing is described as being "recognized as a particular object at a particular time and in a particular space, rendered with li...

The artist is also familiar with how the proportions vary depending on the age of the subject, particularly when drawing a portrait. Two-point perspective drawing Perspective Main article: Perspective An artist drawing a figure from worm's-eye perspective Linear perspective is a method of portraying objects on a flat surface so that the dimensions shrink with distance. Each set of parallel, straight edges of any object, whether a building or a table, follows lines that eventually converge at a vanishing point. Typically this convergence point is somewhere along the horizon, as buildings are built level with the flat surface. When multiple structures are aligned with each other, such as buildings along a street, the horizontal tops and bottoms of the structures typically converge at a vanishing point. When both the fronts and sides of a building are drawn, then the parallel lines forming a side converge at a second point along the horizon (which may ...

Tone A pencil portrait by Henry Macbeth-Raeburn , with hatching and shading (1909) Shading is the technique of varying the tonal values on the paper to represent the shade of the material as well as the placement of the shadows. Careful attention to reflected light, shadows and highlights can result in a very realistic rendition of the image. Blending uses an implement to soften or spread the original drawing strokes. Blending is most easily done with a medium that does not immediately fix itself, such as graphite, chalk, or charcoal, although freshly applied ink can be smudged, wet or dry, for some effects. For shading and blending, the artist can use a blending stump , tissue , a kneaded eraser , a fingertip, or any combination of them. A piece of chamois is useful for creating smooth textures, and for removing material to lighten the tone. Continuous tone can be achieved with graphite on a smooth surface without blending, but the technique is laborious, ...

Technique Raphael , study for what became the Alba Madonna , with other sketches Antoine Watteau , trois crayons technique Almost all draftsmen use their hands and fingers to apply the media, with the exception of some handicapped individuals who draw with their mouth or feet. [27] Prior to working on an image, the artist typically explores how various media work. They may try different drawing implements on practice sheets to determine value and texture, and how to apply the implement to produce various effects. The artist's choice of drawing strokes affects the appearance of the image. Pen and ink drawings often use hatching – groups of parallel lines. [28] Cross-hatching uses hatching in two or more different directions to create a darker tone. Broken hatching, or lines with intermittent breaks, form lighter tones – and controlling the density of the breaks achieves a gradation of tone. Stippling uses dots to produce tone , texture and shade . ...

Materials The medium is the means by which ink, pigment or color are delivered onto the drawing surface. Most drawing media are either dry (e.g. graphite , charcoal , pastels , Conté , silverpoint ), or use a fluid solvent or carrier ( marker , pen and ink ). Watercolor pencils can be used dry like ordinary pencils, then moistened with a wet brush to get various painterly effects. Very rarely, artists have drawn with (usually decoded) invisible ink . Metalpoint drawing usually employs either of two metals: silver or lead. [25] More rarely used are gold, platinum, copper, brass, bronze, and tinpoint. Paper comes in a variety of different sizes and qualities, ranging from newspaper grade up to high quality and relatively expensive paper sold as individual sheets. [26] Papers vary in texture, hue, acidity, and strength when wet. Smooth paper is good for rendering fine detail, but a more "toothy" paper holds the drawing material better. Thus a coarser material...

Notable artists and draftsmen Drawing became significant as an art form around the late 15th century, with artists and master engravers such as Albrecht Dürer and Martin Schongauer (c. 1448-1491), the first Northern engraver known by name. Schongauer came from Alsace, and was born into a family of goldsmiths. Albrecht Dürer, a master of the next generation, was also the son of a goldsmith. [17] [18] Old Master Drawings often reflect the history of the country in which they were produced, and the fundamental characteristics of a nation at that time. In 17th-century Holland, a Protestant country, there were almost no religious artworks, and, with no King or court, most art was bought privately. Drawings of landscapes or genre scenes were often viewed not as sketches but as highly finished works of art. Italian drawings, however, show the influence of Catholicism and the Church, which played a major role in artistic patronage. The same is often true of French dra...

As artistic expression Arthur Glennie, The Guildhall, Exeter , between 1828 and 1830, pencil on paper. Drawing is used to express one's creativity, and therefore has been prominent in the world of art. Throughout much of history, drawing was regarded as the foundation for artistic practice. [10] Initially, artists used and reused wooden tablets for the production of their drawings. [11] Following the widespread availability of paper in the 14th century, the use of drawing in the arts increased. At this point, drawing was commonly used as a tool for thought and investigation, acting as a study medium whilst artists were preparing for their final pieces of work. [12] [13] The Renaissance brought about a great sophistication in drawing techniques, enabling artists to represent things more realistically than before, [14] and revealing an interest in geometry and philosophy. [15] The invention of the first widely available form of photography led to a shift i...

History In communication Drawing is one of the oldest forms of human expression, with evidence for its existence preceding that of written communication. [5] It is believed that drawing was used as a specialised form of communication before the invention of the written language, [5] [6] demonstrated by the production of cave and rock paintings around 30,000 years ago ( Art of the Upper Paleolithic ). [7] These drawings, known as pictograms, depicted objects and abstract concepts. [8] The sketches and paintings produced by Neolithic times were eventually stylised and simplified in to symbol systems ( proto-writing ) and eventually into early writing systems . In manuscripts Before the widespread availability of paper, 12th-century monks in European monasteries used intricate drawings to prepare illustrated, illuminated manuscripts on vellum and parchment. Drawing has also been used extensively in the field of science, as a method of discovery, understanding and explan...

Overview Galileo Galilei , Phases of the Moon , 1609 or 1610, brown ink and wash on paper. 208 × 142 mm. National Central Library (Florence) , Gal. 48, fol. 28r Drawing is one of the oldest forms of human expression within the visual arts. It is generally concerned with the marking of lines and areas of tone onto paper/other material, where the accurate representation of the visual world is expressed upon a plane surface. [3] Traditional drawings were monochrome , or at least had little colour, [4] while modern colored-pencil drawings may approach or cross a boundary between drawing and painting. In Western terminology, drawing is distinct from painting, even though similar media often are employed in both tasks. Dry media, normally associated with drawing, such as chalk, may be used in pastel paintings. Drawing may be done with a liquid medium, applied with brushes or pens. Similar supports likewise can serve both: painting generally involves the application ...

For other uses, see Drawing (disambiguation) . Leonardo da Vinci , The Vitruvian Man ( c.  1485 ) Accademia, Venice Albrecht Dürer , Self-Portrait at the Age of 13 , 1484 Drawing is a form of visual art in which an artist uses instruments to mark paper or other two-dimensional surface. Drawing instruments include graphite pencils , pen and ink , various kinds of paints , inked brushes , colored pencils , crayons , charcoal , chalk , pastels , erasers , markers , styluses , and metals (such as silverpoint ). Digital drawing is the act of drawing on graphics software in a computer . Common methods of digital drawing include a stylus or finger on a touchscreen device, stylus - or finger-to- touchpad , or in some cases, a mouse . There are many digital art programs and devices. A drawing instrument releases a small amount of material onto a surface, leaving a visible mark. The most common support for drawing is paper , although other materials, such as cardboard , wood...

Portrait painting Ned Bittinger , Portrait of Abraham Lincoln in Congress (2004), US Capitol Portrait paintings are representations of a person, in which the face and its expression is predominant. The intent is to display the likeness, personality , and even the mood of the person. The art of the portrait flourished in Ancient Greek and especially Roman sculpture , where sitters demanded individualized and realistic portraits, even unflattering ones. One of the best-known portraits in the Western world is Leonardo da Vinci 's painting titled Mona Lisa , which is thought to be a portrait of Lisa Gherardini , the wife of Francesco del Giocondo. [85] Still life Otto Marseus van Schrieck , A Forest Floor Still-Life (1666) A still life is a work of art depicting mostly inanimate subject matter, typically commonplace objects—which may be either natural (food, flowers, plants, rocks, or shells) or man-made (drinking glasses, books, vases, jewelry, coins, pip...

Landscape painting Main article: Landscape art Andreas Achenbach , Clearing Up, Coast of Sicily (1847), The Walters Art Museum [83] [84] Landscape painting is a term that covers the depiction of natural scenery such as mountains, valleys, trees, rivers, lakes, and forests, and especially art where the main subject is a wide view, with its elements arranged into a coherent composition. In other works landscape backgrounds for figures can still form an important part of the work. The sky is almost always included in the view, and weather is often an element of the composition. Detailed landscapes as a distinct subject are not found in all artistic traditions and develop when there is already a sophisticated tradition of representing other subjects. The two main traditions spring from Western painting and Chinese art , going back well over a thousand years in both cases. Portrait painting -- You received this message because you are subscribed to...

Figure painting A figure painting is a work of art in any of the painting media with the primary subject being the human figure, whether clothed or nude . Figure painting may also refer to the activity of creating such a work. The human figure has been one of the contrast subjects of art since the first Stone Age cave paintings, and has been reinterpreted in various styles throughout history. [82] Some artists well known for figure painting are Peter Paul Rubens , Edgar Degas , and Édouard Manet . Illustration painting Illustration paintings are those used as illustrations in books, magazines, and theater or movie posters and comic books. Today, there is a growing interest in collecting and admiring the original artwork. Various museum exhibitions, magazines, and art galleries have devoted space to the illustrators of the past. In the visual art world, illustrators have sometimes been considered less important in comparison with fine artists and graphic designe...

Bodegón Reza Abbasi , Two Lovers (1630) In Spanish art , a bodegón is a still life painting depicting pantry items, such as victuals, game, and drink, often arranged on a simple stone slab, and also a painting with one or more figures, but significant still life elements, typically set in a kitchen or tavern. Starting in the Baroque period, such paintings became popular in Spain in the second quarter of the 17th century. The tradition of still life painting appears to have started and was far more popular in the contemporary Low Countries , today Belgium and Netherlands (then Flemish and Dutch artists), than it ever was in southern Europe . Northern still lifes had many subgenres: the breakfast piece was augmented by the trompe-l'œil , the flower bouquet , and the vanitas . In Spain, there were much fewer patrons for this sort of thing, but a type of breakfast piece did become popular, featuring a few objects of food and tableware laid on a table.  ...